Artificial Intelligence and the Chaos Theory Essays -

Artificial Intelligence and the Chaos Theory Recently, the media has spent an increasing amount of broadcast time on new technology. The focus of high-tech media has been aimed at the flurry of advances concerning artificial intelligence (AI). What is artificial intelligence and what is the media talking about? Are these technologies beneficial to our society or mere novelties among business and marketing professionals? Medical facilities, police departments, and manufacturing plants have all been changed by AI but how? These questions and many others are the concern of the general public brought about by the lack of education concerning rapidly advancing computer technology. Artificial intelligence is defined as the ability of a machine to think for itself. Scientists and theorists continue to debate if computers will actually be able to think for themselves at one point (Patterson 7). The generally accepted theory is that computers do and will think more in the future. AI has grown rapidly in the last ten years chiefly because of the advances in computer architecture. The term artificial intelligence was actually coined in 1956 by a group of scientists having their first meeting on the topic (Patterson 6). Early attempts at AI were neural networks modeled after the ones in the human brain. Success was minimal at best because of the lack of computer technology needed to calculate such large equations. AI is achieved using a number of different methods. The more popular implementations comprise neural networks, chaos engineering, fuzzy logic, knowledge based systems, and expert systems. Using any one of the aforementioned design structures requires a specialized computer system. For example, Anderson Consulting applies a knowledge based system to commercial loan officers using multimedia (Hedburg 121). Their system requires a fast IBM desktop computer. Other systems may require even more horsepower using exotic computers or workstations. Even more exotic is the software that is used. Since there are very few applications that are pre-written using AI, each company has to write it's own software for the solution to the problem. An easier way around this obstacle is to design an add-on. The company FuziWare makes several applications that act as an addition to a larger application. FuziCalc, FuziQuote, FuziCell, FuziChoice, and FuziCost are all products that are used as management de cision support systems for other off-the shelf applications (Barron 111). In order to tell that AI is present we must be able to measure the intelligence being used. For a relative scale of reference, large supercomputers can only create a brain the size of a fly (Butler and Caudill 5). It is surprising what a computer can do with that intelligence once it has been put to work. Almost any scientific, business, or financial profession can benefit greatly from AI. The ability of the computer to analyze variables provides a great advantage to these fields. There are many ways that AI can be used to solve a problem. Virtually all of these methods require special hardware and software to use them. Unfortunately, that makes AI systems expensive. Consulting firms, companies that design computing solutions for their clients, have offset that cost with the quality of the system. Many new AI systems now give a special edge that is needed to beat the competition. Neural networks have entered the spotlight with surprisingly successful results. A neural network is a type of information processing system whose architecture is similar to the structure of biological neural systems (Butler and Caudill 5). The neural network tries to mimic the way a brain and nervous system work by analyzing sensory inputs and calculating an outcome. A neural network is usually composed of simple decision making elements that are connected with variable weights and strengths. Each one these elements is called a neurode. The term neurode is similar to the biological neuron. The term was modified slightly to indicate an artificial nature. Memory is stored by a certain pattern of the connection weights between the neurodes. Processing information is performed by changing and spreading the connection's weights among the network. Before it can be used a neural network must be trained. Some can learn by themselves, some require training by doing, and others learn by trial and error. A computer learns by naturally associating items the

The Trail Of Tears Essays - Cherokee Nation, Cherokee, John Ross

The Trail Of Tears Essays - Cherokee Nation, Cherokee, John Ross The Trail of Tears "We are now about to take our leave and kind farewell to our native land, the country that Great Spirit gave our Fathers, we are on the eve of leaving that country that gave us birth? it is with sorrow we are forced by the white man to quit the scenes of our childhood?we bid farewell to it and all we hold dear." This is the way that Cherokee Vice Chief Charles Hicks described, in 1838, the emotions that must have been felt after the mistreatment and the abuse that was wrought upon the Cherokee Indians. It was a trail of blood, a trail of death, but ultimately it was known as the "Trail of Tears". In this history of the Cherokee Nation we are trying, but without success, to be as unbiased as possible. It?s the War of 1812. Andrew Jackson is mounting up forces against the Pro-British faction of the Creek Indians. The United States appealed for Cherokee support for aid in war against Tukumsa and another Indian known as Red Sticks. The Cherokee Nation replied with six to eight hundred of their best warriors. It was this war were the Indians fought side by side with Jackson. After a treaty in 1814 was forced on the Creek Indians, the Cherokees filed claims for there lose. There was no promise that their claims would be acknowledged. This would bring on the biggest betrayal on the Cherokee Indians, Andrew Jackson. Andrew Jackson demanded the session of twenty-three million acres of land to the United States. The Cherokee Nation, however, owned Four million acres of this land. The Cherokees protested again to Indian agent Jonathan Meigs in the War Department. Once again their former ally called these claims "Cherokee intrigue". Andrew Jackson then suggested with troops already in the field that this would be the perfect time to remove Cherokees as well as Creeks out of Tennessee. The Indian Removal Act was introduced by Andrew Jackson and was passed by Congress in 1830. This act was to force the Indians west of the Mississippi River. This was largely carried out by General Winfield Scott and his army of approximantly seven thousand troops, in May of 1838. When the army arrived in New Echota Georgia thousand of Cherokee Indians would be rounded up with dragnets and penned up in wooden stockades. By June 5, 1838 it was estimated that only 200 Cherokee had escaped. There were between fifteen to se venteen thousand Cherokee held in these crude jails, where they would await their long brutal journey west. This route from Georgia through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, Arkansas, and finally ending in Oklahoma, would later be referred by Cherokees as Nunna-da-ul-tsun-yi, or "the trail on which they Cried". The journey on which the Indians traveled would bring many deaths due to starvation, droughts and disease. There were two main ways of travel, by land and river. River travel was difficult if not impossible because low river levels due to the drought. All in all it took 645 wagons, 5000 horses and oxen and river vessels used primarily for the ill. Grant Foreman, Dean of Indian Historians, recorded this appalling period. He stated that the weather was extremely hot, there was a drought, and water was scarce and there were suffocating clouds of dust mixed with the oxygen. He also stated that at least three but, up to five people died per day on the trail. By the end of June 1838 two to three hundred Indians were sick. On June 17, 1838 General Charles Floyd of the Georgia militia wrote to Governor Gilmen of New Echota that they were convinced that there were no longer any Cherokee in Georgia. This would hold true that they succeeded in removing the Cherokee from the state, but not compl etely from the east. This would bring on a great supporter of the Cherokee people, a white man by the name of John Ross. John Ross campaigned heavily for the Cherokees. Ross was part of the immigration management committee. Ross persuaded General Scott to approve a budget for the captive Indians of Seventeen cents per Indian per day. This was double the amount figured by congress. This money was

Development Theory and Impasse Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Development Theory and Impasse - Essay Example The development theories at that time were based on metanarratives mainly because of the popularity which was contained by Marxists and neo Marxists. The beginning of impasse in development theory occurred when the capitalist system caused the Western development which was considered to be exploitative by nature (Schuurman, 1993). The development impasse is a significant feature of the world economy and global development. This paper is focused on describing the development theories and the impasse in development theories in a detailed manner. It also aims to evaluate the causes of this impasse in development theories. Development Theory Development theory is an aggregate of multiple theories, which aims to propose methods by which a society can be congealed into a developed and progressed form. The development study deals with the ways by which the desirable changes in the society can deliberately be delivered on a social level. There are many theories, which come under the umbrella term of development theory. Some of these theories are: 1. Dependency Theory 2. Modernization Theory Dependency Theory Dependency theory is a set of multiple theories relating to the scope of social sciences. It aims to describe the reasons for the failure of developing countries to develop on the economic field.... ntrols the global economy which creates inequality in power and resources by which the non industrialized countries becomes unable to progress and match to the global economy in spite of the investments by industrialized countries. This is the main argument of dependency theory for the global development (Munck & O'hearn, 1999). Modernization Theory Modernization theory is a development theory which explicates the process by which the industrialized countries become developed. It aims to describe the process of modernization by which societies became developed and industrialized. It emphasizes on advancements in technology and industrialization in order to actualize the development in society. It also incorporates many political and social changes in a society to become a developed society. One of the social changes is the emphasis on the advancement in the institution of education. It actually describes the process by which the industrialized North American societies and the industr ialized societies of Western Europe were developed. It proposes that if a developing country adopts this process of modernization, by which the developed countries were modernized, only then that developing country can be converted into a developed and industrialized society (Munck & O'hearn, 1999). Impasse in Development Theory The impasse in the development theory is largely contributed to the Marxist influence on development sociology. To understand the impasse of development theory, it is important to neutrally attain the core understanding of each theory including dependency theory and Marxist influence on development theory (Booth, 1985). Marxism and Neo Marxism The time period of 1970s and 80s were significantly influenced by Marxist theory and Neo Marxism regarding the development

John Stuart Mill Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

John Stuart Mill - Essay Example Furthermore, the paper takes note on case studies, such as the Hudnut Pornography Case and its interpretation by Mills. Concerning Mill’s On Liberty, we have two distinct interpretations of matters related to liberty and freedom. There is harm’s principle and how the citizens perceive it in the view of the government. According to Stuart, the harm’s principle state that a person may be prevented from transferring harm to others to avoid any disagreements. Therefore, we will begin by evaluating the issue of freedom and liberty from the Mill’s perspective. In any civilized society, Mill suggests in On Liberty that there must be a government body that ensures its people is controlled in a systematic way. This is through proper exercising of freedom and upholding of the rule of law (Mill 23). As argued by Mill in his book, the government must act in an autonomous manner, to avoid being influenced by majority opinions to ensure that the system of governance run s. Similarly, when the government is in control, it is able to ensure that it represents every voice of the citizenry. This means that the minority groups that are not influenced by selfish ambitions and personal convictions who do not speak are equally represented, in the matrix of national cohesion. Additionally, the control of the government symbolize a state of control where cases of unrests, protests and demonstrations that are characterized by the discontented lot of the majority. However, as posited by Mill in Utilitarianism, it is upon every ordinary citizen to derive his happiness from the circumstances presented by his government (Mill 12). This means the citizen should obey the law, pay taxes, remain patriotic and respect other fellow citizens. Alternatively, this does not mean the government has the force upon the citizenry in any conventional way of conducting their duties. Furthermore, the government is mandated to allow citizens to enjoy their fundamental rights and f reedoms as a way of upholding the rule of law. On that account, according to Mill, even if citizens follow the stipulated the laws, the government should use democratic methods that uphold citizen liberty. In other words, citizens should be allowed to make their choices in whatever they do as long they do not fringe on the freedoms of others. Similarly, Mill supports this fact in Utilitarianism where he encourages the freedoms of choosing one’s form of happiness as long as it is of no damage to other parties or individuals (Winston and Edelbach 154). Alternatively, the government should allow citizens to experiment with any form of lifestyle in attaining their goals and objectives of life for the betterment of the general society. However, again Mill warns in On Liberty that the government and even society have a crucial role to use coercive force in case a citizen violates the limits of his freedom. This brings us to issue of public opinion and the obligation of the governme nt to censor distracters, such as the opposition, which sometimes wastes time debating trivial matters at the expense of the economic development. Mill argues in On Liberty that the government has the supreme authority to ignore such voices or even apply a form of punishment to act as a deterrent for others who may have such sinister intentions (Bowie and Simon 60). Similarly, the government, while

Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 87

Reflection - Essay Example The patient is also encouraged when you smile and comfort him. I gave the patient fruits and multivitamin tablets. What I realized from this medication is that, a patient under malnutrition tends to react positively faster after taking multivitamin. This also improves his appetite. Seeing a smile on the patients face really motivated me. I felt useful, confident, and also helpful to people who seek my help. It is normal for one to be slightly low in mood, but when you impact positively on the people you serve, definitely it cheers you up. The experience I had today make me feel important and proud of my presence in the hospital. My goals in future is to improve on my knowledge and skills on how to handle patients that feel they have lost hope. I have also decided to diversify my skills within the hospital by participating in other hospital activities that are not within my field of study. Additionally, I plan to learn new things daily in order to sharpen and improve my interest to handle

Were German Citizens Aware of the Holocaust?

Were German Citizens Aware of the Holocaust? Jason Jimenez To what extent was the average individual of Germany during WWII aware of the atrocities committed within the Holocaust? Table of Contents A. Plan of Investigation2 B. Summary of Evidence2 C. Evaluation of Sources3 D. Analysis.3-4 E. Conclusion.4 F. Bibliography.5 A.  Plan of Investigation This investigation assesses the extent of how much the average German knew of the Holocaust during WWII. In order to evaluate this, the investigation examines the situation of Germany at this point in time. First, the cause and effect of the force of extreme anti-Semitism on the people by Hitler will be explored. Also, this investigation will delve into the extensive spread of knowledge between the groups of people that were aware of the genocide with the others that did not. Lastly, the seemingly enormous task of the Final Solution will be considered, as well as challenged in a manner that would suggest awareness in the general German population. These three major factors are the primary focus of this investigation; they will be analyzed by evaluating several essay sources, as well as other internet articles, for their origins, purposes, values, and limitations. B. Summary of Evidence Prior to WWII, Hitler already possessed hatred for the Jews. He states in his book that he first became an anti-Semite in Vienna, where he attained extreme German nationalism. He strongly believed in a union with the Germans and a violent expulsion of the â€Å"inferior† races. During his time as the leader of the Nazi Party, as well as Fuhrer, Hitler delivered many speeches to the masses regarding the Jews as the enemy. In one of his speeches, he declared, â€Å"The struggle for world domination will be fought entirely between us, between Germans and Jews. All else is facade and illusion. Behind England stands Israel, and behind France, and behind the United States. Even when we have driven the Jew out of Germany, he remains our world enemy.†[1] This statement suggests that Hitler saw that Jews as the ultimate enemy, and disregards the rest of the world as even mildly relevant. Joseph Goebbels, the Nazi Propaganda Minister responsible for the Night of Broken Glass, in which hundreds of Jews were murdered, was also an essential component in the spread of anti-Semitism at that time.[2] The general German population knew of their government’s extreme hatred toward the Jews, and it was only a matter of time until they figured out what was going to happen next. Furthermore, from the huge size of the army, as well as the thousands of camps located in and around Germany, it was inevitable for information not to spread between the populations. For example, German soldiers would, at the very least, have brought home numerous stories of what was going on in Russia (where the atrocities were well known) or the east.[3] The stories that the soldiers would have told their loved ones back home would have spread swiftly, and therefore soon after, knowledge of rumours would be instilled into the general population. The many camps that existed then were located inside Germany itself, but there were many more outside the country. A large number of these camps were located near several highly-populated areas, such as Dachau, outside of Munich.[4] However, the major extermination camps, such as Auschwitz and Treblinka, were not set up inside Germany, so it certainly was possible that the average German in the home front had no knowledge of them. Although, it is logical to assume that most people knew that being sent to a concentration was, without a doubt, a death sentence; even if they did not know the details, they had to have noticed that barely anyone ever returned from the camps. Overall, it all boils down to the issue of whether or not the Germans wanted to know more about what was going on, for perha ps they just wanted to turn a blind eye because it did not affect them in any way. Lastly, the monstrous project of the Final Solution (Nazi Germany’s plan to systematically kill off the entire Jewish population in Nazi-occupied Europe) seemed all too massive of a project to have been undertaken only by the Nazis. Konnilyn Feig, a well-respected Holocaust author, suspects that most people did, in fact, know about much of what was going on. In her book, Hitler’s death camps: the sanity of madness, she states that â€Å"Hitler exterminated the Jews of Europe. But he did not do so alone. The task was so enormous, complex, time-consuming, and mentally and economically demanding that it took the best efforts of millions of Germans†¦ All spheres of life in Germany actively participated†[5] As the case may be, therefore, it is not futile to rule out this very possibility. C. Evaluation of Sources Note: Because there were seemingly no readily available traditional resources regarding this investigation’s rather specific question, two significant internet articles will be evaluated in lieu. One article is written by Will Coleman, and is an extended response to the same question this investigation is attempting to answer. The other source is an essay article written by Theresa Art, named â€Å"What Did Most Germans Know about the Nazi Concentration Camp System?† As a response to a similar question posed in the website, www.quora.com, Will Coleman writes an in-depth â€Å"report† on the truth that he believes, in which he states that â€Å"the large majority of the German public, knew and collaborated willingly with the deportation and extermination of the Jews†¦Ã¢â‚¬ [6] This article was written with the obvious purpose of attempting to answer the question in the website, but to also do so using methodical reasoning. The article’s value lies in the fact that it provides a systematic explanation of Coleman’s perspective on the matter, and this allows the reader to easily interpret and understand the logic behind his bold statement that à ¢â‚¬Å"all of Germany was responsible†. Coleman does this by ordering his points from least to most significant; first he starts off with basic arguments that reinforce the fact that communication within Germany must have defeated any sort of secrecy about the mass murders simply because of how many people there were, and he ends with an intricate â€Å"collective guilt† argument, wherein he explains that the German people felt guilt for the atrocities committed by their fellow countrymen, and could only have done so because they either participated or turned a blind eye to it. There was a minor limitation in this article, in which it would sometimes confuse awareness of the holocaust with direct participation. In Theresa Ast’s article, she aims to focus not on the â€Å"culpability or degree of culpability of different segments of the German population†[7], but on general German knowledge of concentration camps. Much like Coleman, Ast suggests that many Ge rmans were aware of the mass killings; she states that â€Å"most concentration camp inmates were German or Austrian citizens and many of them served limited sentences before being released. It begs believability to think that these individuals did not discuss their experience with family and close friends.† The value in Ast’s article, as opposed to Coleman’s, is that she took into account several WWII veterans’ first-hand opinions and experiences in her findings. This allowed her to develop a well-formulated conclusion stating that â€Å"the typical German response was to deny knowledge of, and disclaim any responsibility for, the concentration camps.† A limitation in this article lies in the fact that it is mostly comprised of evidence, and has a minor lack of detail in its arguments. D. Analysis The importance of this investigation in its historical context is immense, as the question poses the issue of whether or not the Germans should feel guilty for having taken part in the most documented, systematic, industrial slaughter of human beings in all of recorded civilized history. From one perspective, based on the sources, it can be argued that the average German had a rough idea as to what was going on, but did not know the details; this is either because he genuinely did not know, or perhaps because he did not want to know more of his own country’s monstrosities. From another perspective, it can be argued that the average German knew a great deal of what was going on, as Coleman states, â€Å"How can a country on total war footing continue to move, house, manage and exterminate millions of people while at the same time, use those sparing resources on war production? They cant, not without a lot of help. Where was this help? The German nation of course.†[8] Fro m these arguments also arises the question that if the Germans did help undertake the Final Solution, did they do it willingly? Or were they forced to do it by the Nazis? With Adolf Hitler’s entrance into Germany’s politics, so did his theories of racial struggle and the â€Å"intent† of the Jews to survive and expand at the expense of the Germans. From 1933-1938, the Nazis staged book burnings, ordered anti-Jewish boycotts, and enabled anti-Jewish legislation.[9] The Jews were defined by race and was totally separated from the Germans by the Nuremberg Laws in 1935. These measures focused on total segregation of Jews from Germans and Austrians, both legally and socially. These new statutes, added with the extremely anti-Semitic Nazi propaganda imposed on the country must have, at the very least, implied something utterly terrible to come for the Jews. Although hundreds of thousands had already been killed by death squads and in mass pogroms[10] (riots aimed at m assacre of Jews), the large-scale deportation of the Jews must have spelled disaster for them in the eyes of the Germans. The communication that must have travelled back and forth, from the people that knew to the ones that did not, suggests that even though the full details of the holocaust were not leaked, a general idea of it must have formed within the people. The SS would routinely mix labour battalions, which consisted of thousands of starving Jews, with German nationals who were producing war goods. Without a doubt, these nationals must have shared stories of horribly treated Jews back home. The average Nazi soldier who had seen the atrocities committed in both concentration and death camps most likely would have wrote home letters describing what he had seen. Overall, there was very little chance that a German did not know anything as to what was going on around him, as all signs, including the mass deportation of Jews by train and the mass murders in pogroms, point to the u ltimatum that the Jews were being thoroughly purged out of Germany. The amount of work that the Final Solution must have required was much greater than that which the Nazis could hope to accomplish. As Will Coleman mentioned in his article, Germany could not have afforded to be on total war as well as systematically exterminate millions of people simultaneously without extra help, and this, in all likelihood, came from the general population of Germany itself. German police units, namely the Reserve Police Battalion 101, shot 38,000 Jews and deported 45,000 more to the camps.[11] Bankers often volunteered the names of their Jewish employees to Nazi authorities, most of which ended up in death camps.[12] What all of this is suggesting is that such a massive task could not have been done solely by the Nazis, but with the collective help and cooperation of everyone in the country. E. Conclusion Each and every subtopic that this investigation evaluates all point to the same conclusion. First, the extreme anti-Semitic ideas that had been forced on the people, coupled with the initial attacks on the Jews, implied the beginning of the end for them. Nobody knew exactly what the future h eld for the Jews, but they just knew it would be disastrous. Second, the substantial network of communication that had been utilized must have at least given the average German a clue as to what the Jews were going through at the time. Whether the information was passed through a letter, orally, or first-hand, the population must have received a basic idea for what was happening, and also, what was about to happen. Lastly, the Final Solution could not have been finished by the Nazis without further help from outside sources. Like Konnilyn Feig stated, â€Å"The task was so complex that it took the best efforts of millions of Germans†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Most, if not all Germans were aware of the Holocaust, let alone the ones that participated too. There is no doubt that everyone had the idea, and this alone reinforces the fact that yes, almost everyone was aware of what was happening. Total word count: 1,971 F. Bibliography Internet Sources: Coleman, Will, â€Å"To what extent were average German citizens aware of or involved in the Holocaust†. n.d., Quora. 30 March 2014. http://www.quora.com/Nazi-Germany/To-what-extent-were-average-German-citizens-aware-of-or-involved-in-the-Holocaust Ast, Theresa, â€Å"What Did Most Germans Know About The Nazi Concentration Camp System?†. n.d., HubPages. 30 March 2014. http://phdast7.hubpages.com/hub/What-Did-Average-germans-Know-Concentration-Camps Museum, â€Å"ANTISEMITISM IN HISTORY: NAZI ANTISEMITISM†. 10 June 2013. Holocaust Encyclopedia. 30 March 2014. http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007167 Connolly, Kate, â€Å"Letter proves Speer knew of Holocaust plan†. n.d. The Guardian. 30 March 2014. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2007/mar/13/secondworldwar.kateconnolly Douglas, Davis â€Å"British bank implicated in Nazi dealings†. 2 April 1999. Jewish News of Greater Phoenix. 30 March 2014. http://www.webcitation.org/5wQnrMwcy Book Sources: Rauschning, Hermann. Hitler Speaks (Munich, Germany: Kessinger Publishing, 2006) Feig, Konnilyn. Hitler’s Death Camps: The Sanity of Madness (California, United States: Holmes Meier Pub, 1981) Niewyk, Donald. The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust (New York, United States: Harper Collins, 1992) Gilbert, Martin. Kristallnacht (Oxford, England: Harper Perennial, 2007) [1] Hermann Rauschning. Hitler Speaks (Munich, Germany: Kessinger Publishing, 2006) p.234 [2] Gilbert Martin. Kristallnacht (Oxford, England: Harper Perennial, 2007) p.29 [3] Will Coleman, â€Å"To what extent were average German citizens aware of or involved in the Holocaust†. n.d., Quora. 30 March 2014 http://www.quora.com/Nazi-Germany/To-what-extent-were-average-German-citizens-aware-of-or-involved-in-the-Holocaust [4] Will Coleman, â€Å"To what extent were average German citizens aware of or involved in the Holocaust†. n.d., Quora. 30 March 2014 http://www.quora.com/Nazi-Germany/To-what-extent-were-average-German-citizens-aware-of-or-involved-in-the-Holocaust [5] Konnilyn Feig. Hitler’s Death Camps: The Sanity of Madness (California, United States: Holmes Meier Pub, 1981) p.84 [6] Will Coleman, â€Å"To what extent were average German citizens aware of or involved in the Holocaust†. n.d., Quora. 30 March 2014 http://www.quora.com/Nazi-Germany/To-what-extent-were-average-German-citizens-aware-of-or-involved-in-the-Holocaust [7] Theresa Ast, â€Å"What Did Most Germans Know About The Nazi Concentration Camp System?†. n.d., HubPages. 30 March 2014 http://phdast7.hubpages.com/hub/What-Did-Average-germans-Know-Concentration-Camps [8] Will Coleman, â€Å"To what extent were average German citizens aware of or involved in the Holocaust†. n.d., Quora. 30 March 2014 http://www.quora.com/Nazi-Germany/To-what-extent-were-average-German-citizens-aware-of-or-involved-in-the-Holocaust [9] Museum, â€Å"Antisemitism in History: Nazi Antisemitism†. 10 June 2013. Holocaust Encyclopedia. 30 March 2014 http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007167 [10] Kate Connolly, â€Å"Letter proves Speer knew of Holocaust plan†. n.d. The Guardian. 30 March 2014. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2007/mar/13/secondworldwar.kateconnolly [11] Donald Niewyk. The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust (New York, United States: Harper Collins, 1992) p.83-87 [12] Davis Douglas, â€Å"British bank implicated in Nazi dealings†. 2 April 1999. Jewish News of Greater Phoenix. 30 March 2014 http://www.webcitation.org/5wQnrMwcy

John F. Kennedy and Yellow Card Man

One day in his class he assigns an essay topic â€Å"The Day That Changed My Life† One student named Harry Dunning writes about the night hls father murdered his mother and siblings; Jake is deeply impacted by the story. About two years later Jake is summoned to his frequent diner by the owner A1 Templeton. A1 was becoming deathly ill and because of this A1 shows Jake his discovery. A1's discovery Is a time portal located in the back of his diner. This portal sends the user back to the year 1 958 at always the same moment and place and when the user returns only two minutes will have elapsed.There is a suspicious man with a yellow card in his hat and which they refer to as the â€Å"Yellow Card Man† and he is also aware of the time portal. The portal can be used to change history but If you make a change once you visit the past again the change will be reset like it never happened at all. After A1 discovered this portal he became obsessed with preventing the JFK assassi nation and planned to spend five years in the past waiting to stop Lee Harvey Oswald. A1 had to give up on his plan because he had developed lung cancer so now he put the mission In Jake's hands.Jake decides to test the portal out on Harrys family. hen he enters the past he notices the â€Å"Yellow Card Man's† card had turned orange. Jake buys a gun and follows Harry's father ready to kill him to prevent the murder of Harrys mother and siblings. Jake saves everyone except Harrys older brother. When Jake returns to the past he calls Harrys sister and he Is told Harry died In Vietnam. Jake tries to find A1 and discovers he had overdosed on pain killers. Jake quickly takes A1's notebook and goes back into the past. This time when he enters the â€Å"Yellow Card Man† has committed suicide and his card is black.Jake waits out time until the JFK assassination. He falls In love with a librarian but the relationship does not last because Jake talks about this from the future a nd Sadie is unsettled about it. Jake then focuses full time on Oswald and rent an apartment right next to Oswald. After investigating Oswald Jake becomes reluctant to kill him early on. As a result of gambling on games and races he knew the outcome of Jake was beaten and suffers memory loss. Jake recovers his memory just in time for the JFK assassination. He andSadie hurry to get to Oswald's sniper nest and make it before the shooting. Jake prevents Oswald from killing JFK but enraged by this Oswald shoots at Jake but misses and kills Sadie. After hearing the gunshots the secret service fires at Oswald once ne returns ne sees tnat tne â€Å"Yellow cara Man† was replacea wltn a younger man and his card is now green. He reveals that he is a guardian of these time portals all around the universe. He explains that changing the past only creates another thread in time where events occur differently; the larger the changes the more nstable the reality is.He explains that the cards are there mental state and consciousness through the multiple time threads. Fearing the death of the Yellow Card Guardian the Green Card Guardian begs Jake to set things right. Upon returning to 2011 Jake discovers many Dramatic changes have taken place and he returns to the past to and goes back to the present to reset everything. A1's diner is demolished and with it the portal as well. ‘V. Excerpt A. It was quarter past two in the morning, which meant it was actually the sixth of April.Still not too late. Not too late for what? To back off, to let well enough alone? Or bad enough, come to that? The idea of backing off was attractive, God knew. If I went ahead and things went wrong, this could be my last night with Sadie. Ever. Even if you do have to kill him, you don't have to do it right away. † B. I think this excerpt is important because it shows how detailed the novel is in recreating the history of the JFK assassination and in the fictional parts as well. as well as it shows the behavior of the narrator Jake.It shows how obsessed he is with the mission to stop the ssassination and it not easily distracted. He puts much thought into each and every decision. In his decision to not kill Oswald sooner rather than later is a big mistake on his part and is caused by his over thinking every aspect of the mission. Jake will eventually be beaten and suffer memory loss and as a result be late to kill Oswald and as a result of that Sadie will die. V. Explain Project A. For my project I decided to complete project number 43 which was to research the author of the book I chose and present that information.It goes into detail on Stephen King's life from early childhood days to modern times and explains how great of a writer he was. I featured some of his popular written works and notable awards in my research. VI. Why should the book be considered for selection A. I think the book 11/22/63 should be considered for selection because it is a very knowledgea ble book. It explains about a time that mostly anyone alive during will remember where they were. It takes the events of the JFK assassination and puts a science fictional twist on them.Throughout the novel the details about the past are written in detail and allow the reader to learn about a real event while enjoying the thrill of a fictional novel. The abundance of pages might seem like a lot but it is a very good read therefore very much worth it. I found myself at times not able to put the book down because interesting events were almost always occurring. The novel also has a wide variety of high-level vocabulary words suitable for high school students. Therefore I believe that the book 11/22/63 should be considered for selection.